Pedagogical Prevention Technology of Extremism Manifestations in Youths Based on Social Competencies

The relevance of the study is due to the need for a comprehensive scientific study of the nature, specificity and practical methods of organizing pedagogical prevention of manifestations of extremism in the youth environment based on a technological approach. The purpose of this study is to develop pedagogical technology for the prevention of extremism among youth on the basis of social competencies, its experimental justification. The analysis of literary sources devoted to the study of the problem of the manifestation of extremism in the youth environment made it possible to determine that extremism as a social phenomenon is a destructive behavior of a person, manifested by aggression and violence towards another person. The study provides examples educational of situations that can be used as the main method in pedagogical technology for the prevention of manifestations of extremism in the youth environment. It has been experimentally proved its effectiveness, using the example of the activity of the psychological and pedagogical faculty of the Chuvash I. Yakovlev State Pedagogical University. The experiment involved 60 people, 2nd year students (30 EG, 30 CG). As a result of introducing the technology of pedagogical prevention of extremism manifestations among youth into the educational process, significant changes were revealed in the experimental group that participated in the formative experiment, in the control group the changes were insignificant. The proposed technology can be used by educational institutions in the process of organizing work to prevent manifestations of extremism in the youth environment.


Introduction
The problem of preventive prevention of manifestations of extremism among young people arises most acutely not only from the state, but also requires special attention and the adoption of specific preventive measures in the education system. Young people most often commit extremist actions because of ignorance of the consequences of such actions; they need knowledge of the laws and responsibility for the manifestation of extremism. Also, in many cases, young people fall under extremist influences due to their inability to resist negative influences, falling into various associative groups.
In the framework of the implementation of the state program of the Chuvash Republic "Improving the safety of life of the population and territories of the Chuvash Republic" for 2019-2035, which includes the subprogram "Prevention of terrorism and extremist activity in the Chuvash Republic", a system of measures is being implemented in educational institutions to prevent extremism and terrorism, and form a tolerant consciousness of young people.
This problem of organizing preventive prevention of manifestations of extremism in the youth environment has become the most acute in our Chuvash I. Yakovlev State Pedagogical University with the advent of a large number of foreign students. At this time, 568 foreign students study at the university in full-time and part-time studies. Among them are representatives of Turkmenistan -549 people, Tajikistan -2 students, Uzbekistan -5 people, Ukraine -1 part-time student, Moldova -1 student, Kazakhstan -1 student, China -9 students. The total percentage of foreign students is about 10%. Therefore, one of the priority areas of educational work in the Chuvash I. Yakovlev State Pedagogical University is -work to prevent manifestations of extremism in the student community.

Purpose and objectives of the study
The aim of our study is to develop a technology for the pedagogical prevention of manifestations of extremism among young people on the basis of the formation of social competencies of a person that can withstand the negative influences of society, its experimental justification.

Literature review
To date, a huge body of information has been accumulated in the theory and practice of psychological and pedagogical research, revealing the scientific foundations and experience in preventing the manifestations of extremism among young people and adolescents. Studies have shown that many social scientists are actively interested in the problem of youth.
One group of researchers, considering the features of the manifestation of extremism in the behavior of people and society, identifies several approaches for which there are various reasons for this behavior.
These include: a biologizing approach; psychoanalytic concepts of sociopathy, where extremism is considered as a form of deviant behavior; sociological concepts explain the causes of extremism as unfavorable social conditions for the existence of people; socio-psychological concepts distinguish extremism as a definite result of interpersonal interaction of a person and her immediate environment.
Another group of researchers considers extremism from a pedagogical point of view, given its sociocultural nature.
Features of the study of the problem of personality formation in the activities of youth associations were considered: Basov (2009), Eroshenkov (2009 and Mogalyuk (2001) and other domestic teachers revealed the problem of organizing teenage and youth public associations.
The study of the socialization of youth in modern conditions was carried out by Kromin (2007), Nyagin (2020, Afanasyeva (2007) and Basov (2009). Value orientations of the young generation: Andreeva (2000) and Bocharova (1994). The problem of international extremism is revealed in many works of foreign researchers as Beck (2009) and Daniker (1995). Vasilenko (2004) and Fridinsky (2011) address issues of legal solution to the problem of the emergence of organizations of extremist orientation.The essence of the concept of extremism is reflected in the works of domestic scientists: Budnitsky (2000), Dobaev andNemchina (2005) Lazarev (2017) and Romanova and Petrova (2018).
A significant contribution to the disclosure of the essence of extremism from the point of view of political, legal, economic and sociocultural foundations was made by modern researchers as Baal (2012) and Buzykina (2013).The problem of manifestations of ethno-national, ethno-confessional extremism in Russia and other countries are considered in the works of Chuprov and Zubok (2009), Golovin and Aristakhova (2013), Romanova (2018). Golovin and Aristarkhova (2013), Chuprov and Zubok (2009) and Vasenina (2007) study the causes of the growth of extremism in the youth environment.
For our study, the most interesting are the works reflecting various aspects of the prevention of deviant youth behavior, namely Almazov (1996), Antonyan, Gorshkova, and Zulkarneev,(1999), Belkin (2000), Karpets (1969), Minkovsky (1972) and Tarasova (2008). Among the works revealing the problem of deviant behavior of young people, the reasons for the manifestations of various deviations, the works of Belicheva (1994), Zeigarnik and Bratus (1980), Lichko (1983), Ratinov, Kroz, and Ratinova (2005). In whose writings it is analyzed that the youth environment, taking into account its social characteristics, is that part of society in which the accumulation and realization of negative protest potential occurs most quickly. The psychological approach to the problem is reflected in the dissertation research of Buzykin.
"Attitudes towards the manifestations of extremism among representatives of various socio-demographic groups". His work defines the socio-psychological characteristics of extremism. The author identifies the levels of manifestation of extremism, considering the degree of personality exposure to various forms of aggression (2013).
Also in our work, we paid special attention to the consideration of works devoted to the resolution of social problems through the application of social technologies. Features of the application of social technologies in the prevention of deviant behavior are disclosed in the works of Oslon (2016) and Romanova (1994).
After analyzing the scientific research on the problem we are studying, it allowed us to conclude that the researchers pay most attention to the nature of extremism, its genesis, developmental features, the study of its social consequences and its prevention. Nevertheless, most of the research work is political, legal in nature, which required a deeper look at the pedagogical foundations of the prevention of extremism in the youth environment.

Methodology
Experimental work was carried out on the basis of the Chuvash I. Yakovlev State Pedagogical University, at the of psychological and pedagogical faculty. The experiment was attended by 60 2nd year students. Two groups of 30 students each were distinguished, one experimental group and another control group.
An analysis of the available methods of psychological diagnostics showed that to date, there are no "direct" methods for diagnosing an individual's tendency to extremist manifestations in the arsenal of psychodiagnostics, so we took the following methods to determine the level of tendency to manifest extremism, which are according to our observations more reflect the level of extremism among youth: -a methodology for diagnosing a tendency toward deviant behavior, developed by Orel (Kleyber, 2004) which allows one to determine and measure the degree of readiness for various forms of deviant behavior; -a technique for diagnosing a degree of risk preparedness, by Schubert. This technique allows you to assess the characteristics of human behavior in a dangerous situation, when violations of established norms and rules are required, which allows you to determine the degree of readiness of a person to risk; -a questionnaire on the attitude of citizens to manifestations of extremism in modern society, which, according to our observations, more reflects the level of manifestation of extremism among young people; -a technique for diagnosing the state of aggression (Bass-Darki Questionnaire). This technique allows you to determine the presence of destructive trends, mainly in the field of subject-object relations; -the technique of "level of correlation of value" and "accessibility" in various life spheres ", by Fantalova (2001). This methodology considers 12 basic universal values and reveals the correlation of such psychological parameters as "Value" (C) and "Accessibility" (D) for a person of each of these values. The main psychometric characteristic of this test is the indicator "Value-Availability" (C-D), which reflects the degree of inconsistency, disintegration in the motivationalpersonal sphere. The latter, in turn, indicates the degree of dissatisfaction with the current life situation, internal conflict, the blockade of basic needs on the one hand, as well as the level of selfrealization, integration, harmony on the other hand.

Experiment description and procedure
As part of our study, a socio-pedagogical experiment was conducted to determine the level of respondents' tendency to manifest extremism and its prevention. To this end, we have chosen a variant of the natural experiment, which was carried out under ordinary conditions for the subjects during the educational process. In the framework of the discipline "Method and technology work of a social educator".
The social pedagogical experiment was carried out in three stages: 1) at the first stage, a stating experiment the carried out, during which we were to identify the tendency of respondents to extremist behavior. The experiment was conducted in the experimental and control groups; 2) at the second stage of our study, the developed technology of pedagogical prevention of manifestations of extremism in the youth environment was tested. Currently, there are several approaches to the prevention of manifestations of extremism in the youth environment, in our work we took the approach based on the formation of life skills as a basis. This approach is based on the theory of social learning of Bandura (1969). This approach is aimed at the formation of socially desirable behavior among young people, using social and pedagogical trainings, role-playing games and discussion of situations. The technology developed by us was implemented, introduced into the educational process as part of the discipline "Methodology and Technology of the Social Teacher," with students studying in the profile of "Psychology and Social Pedagogy" in the experimental group; 3) at the third stage, a control experiment was conducted, which allowed us to verify the effectiveness of the technology we proposed for the pedagogical prevention of manifestations of extremism in the youth environment. During the experiment, the dynamics of changes in the experimental group were revealed, in the classroom with which the technology we proposed was implemented. In the control group, indicators remained unchanged.
In the course of a theoretical analysis of studies on the problem we are studying, as well as our practical experience, we have allowed the wound in our studies to come to the conclusion that extremism as a social phenomenon is a destructive behavior of a person, manifested by aggression and violence towards another person.
Among the main characteristics of a person prone to extremism, scientists include the following: a high level of aggression; choice of violent methods and threats; uniformity of perception of social problems, search for ways to solve them; the desire to impose their principles, views on society; unconditional execution of all orders, instructions; inability to empathy, manifestation of tolerance. Among the main psychological characteristics of a person manifesting extremist behavior, the following are distinguished: the desire to act by the most radical means, which is manifested by extreme aggressiveness; not accepting a different opinion than his own; lack of empathy, sympathy; one-sided perception of everything that happens; extremists are characterized by loneliness, a lack of human warmth; all reality in their minds is colored in dark colors; a feeling of superiority over others; high willingness to use violence.
Having examined the various characteristics of a person prone to extremism, we have identified the following indicators of extremism among young people: -solving their problems by force, showing various forms of deviant behavior; -the degree of risk propensity, guided by the principle "to achieve the goal, all means are good"; -not the ability to sympathize and empathize; -motivated aggression, the purpose of which is to cause harm to someone else.
-rejection of someone else's point of view, inability to come to a compromise solution.
The manifestation of extremism in the youth environment, according to Chuprov and Zubok (2009), is one of the forms of deviant personality behavior, in which the behavior model is expressed in adherence to aggression, extreme views and actions that are dangerous for others. Therefore, one of the priority areas in the prevention of extremism in the youth environment should be the formation of its social competencies.
The concept of social competence includes the level of socialization of a person, the level of his social activity; moral and legal maturity of the individual; the ability to build a person's relationship with society and himself. A person with formed social competencies is the exact opposite of a person prone to extremism (Zimnyaya, 2003).
Currently, there are several approaches to the prevention of manifestations of extremism in the youth environment, in our work we took the approach based on the formation of life skills as a basis. This approach is based on the theory of social learning of Bandura (1969). This approach is aimed at the formation of socially desirable behavior among young people, using social and pedagogical trainings, roleplaying games and discussion of situations. 1. The situation of knowledge sharing. In this situation, the participants act as an informant. For example, a press conference or round table on a given problem is organized. One of the participants is offered the role of the leader, which answers the questions of other participants acting as listeners. Our program is designed for 5 lessons in each block, total 20 lessons lasting 90 minutes, conducted once a week.

Results
At the first stage, of a stating experiment the conducted in which two groups took part. The following results were obtained: 1) according to the methodology for diagnosing a tendency to deviant behavior by Orel (Kleyber, 2004): The level of attitude towards socially desirable answers: in the EG is high -33% (10 people), average -67% (20 people) of respondents; in the CG, high -37% (11 people), average -63% (19 people); no low level was detected in both groups.
2) according to the method of diagnosing the degree of preparedness for Schubert's risk: medium in the EG -83% (25 people), low -17% (5 people); in the CG, average -86% (26 people), low -13% (4 people) of respondents. No high level was detected in both groups.
3) based on the results of a survey on the attitude of citizens to manifestations of extremism in modern society: in the EG, 7% (2 people) of respondents showed a positive attitude towards manifestations of extremism. It was not detected in the CG. 4) according to the results of the methodology of Fantalova (2001) "the level of correlation of" value "and" accessibility "in various areas of life." In the EG, a high ratio of "value" and "accessibility" in various life spheres is 7% (2 people); the average in 43% (13 people) and 50% (15 people)low. In the CG, 0% (0 people) have a high ratio of "value" and "accessibility" in life spheres; average at 50% (15 people) and 50% (15 people)low; That is, in the EG and the CG, it is possible for 50% of the respondents, that is, for 15 people, to diagnose inconsistency, disintegration in the motivational-personal sphere, dissatisfaction with the current life situation, the state of internal conflict, the blockade of basic needs, as well as the level of self-realization, integration, harmony. 5) according to the results of the methodology for diagnosing the state of Bass-Darki aggression: in the EG, 37% (11 people) of the respondents had a high level of hostility, 57% (17 people) -medium and 7% (2 people) -low; it also follows from the results of this methodology that 7% (2 people) of respondents have a high level of aggressiveness, 50% (15 people) have an average level and 43% (13 people) have a low level.
In the CG, 27% (8 people) of respondents had a high level of hostility, 50% (15 people) had an average level and 23% (7 people) had a low level; it also follows from the results of this methodology that 0% (0 people) of respondents have a high level of aggressiveness, 53% (16 people) have an average level and 47% (14 people) have a low level.
According to the results of a stating experiment in the EG, we identified 2 students (7%) with a positive attitude to the manifestations of extremism. Therefore, in this group, our proposed technology for the prevention of manifestations of extremism in the youth environment was implemented based on the formation of social competencies.
Conducting classes using the technology developed by us has significantly improved the indicators obtained during the ascertaining experiment, which confirms the results of the control stage of the experiment in the control and experimental group. The obtained indicators in the control group remained the same, in the experimental group they improved significantly.
We have obtained the following results (presented in Tables 1-3): 1. According to the diagnostic technique for deviant behavior by Orel (Kleyber, 2004), we compared the following most important indicators in our opinion: a high level of propensity to overcome norms and rules in the EG decreased from 20% (6 people) to 7% (2 people), in the CG the indicator did not change, 16% (5 people) of the respondents remained; a high propensity for addictive behavior in the EG decreased from 20% (6 people) to 3% (1 people), in the CG the indicator changed very slightly from 16% (5 people) fell to 13% (4 people) of respondents ; a high propensity for self-damaging and self-destructive behavior in the EG decreased from 23% (7 people) to 3% (1 people), in the CG the indicator decreased slightly from 20% (6 people) to 16% (5 people) of respondents ; after a formative experiment, a low level of volitional control of emotional reactions in the EG was not detected, a high level rose from 40% (12 people) to 53% (16 people); in the CG, the low level remained unchanged 20% (6 people) of respondents; the high propensity for delinquent behavior in the EG decreased from 33% (10 people) to 6% (2 people), the CG indicator did not change, 30% (9 people) of the respondents remained.  (Kleyber, 2004) in the EG and CG before and after the experiment (in percent).  4. According to the results of the methodology of Fantalova "the level of correlation of" value "and"

Level
accessibility "in various areas of life." In the EG, the low ratio of "value" and "accessibility" in various life spheres decreased from 50% (15 people) to 16% (5 people). In the CG, the indicators remained the same (2001).
That is, in the EG, the number of people with a state of internal conflict, dissatisfaction with the current life situation has significantly decreased, which also confirms the effectiveness of the technology we have proposed.
5. According to the results of the methodology for diagnosing the state of Bass-Darki aggression: in the EG, a high level of hostility decreased from 37% (11 people) to 13% (4 people); a high level of aggressiveness in the EG was not detected. There were no changes in the CG.

Discussion
At a ascertaining stage of the experiment, it was revealed that young people prone to extremism are characterized by a low level of correlation of "value" and "accessibility" in various life spheres ", a high level of aggression, a tendency to self-damaging and self-destructive behavior, a low level of volitional control of emotional reactions .
As a result of introducing the technology of pedagogical prevention of manifestations of extremism among young people into the educational process based on the formation of social competencies, significant changes were identified in the experimental group that participated in the formative experiment, in the control group the changes were insignificant.

Conclusion
Prevention of manifestations of extremism among young people in modern conditions will be more effective with the inclusion of the educational technology we have proposed in the educational process. The technology of pedagogical prevention of manifestations of extremism includes a set of educational situations aimed at reducing the level of manifestations of extremism among young people, based on the development of their social competencies, instilling skills that contribute to the effective resolution of difficult life situations. The main goal of this activity, in our opinion, is the formation of a stress-resistant personality; with formed social competencies, able to withstand the negative influences of society and consciously make behavioral decisions. To organize more effective pedagogical prevention of manifestations of extremism among young people, it is necessary not only to carry out educational work with students, but also organize advanced training courses for employees of educational institutions in order to increase their professional competencies in the field of preventive activities.